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<title>Stool test</title>

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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Stool test</span></span>

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</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color: lightblue">Stool test</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="infobox-caption">Transport vials filled with human feces for stool testing. Yellow and blue tops for parasite testing, red top for stool cultures and the white top was provided by the patient with the sample.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Purpose</th><td class="infobox-data">diagnose if medical condition is present</td></tr></tbody></table>

<p>A <b>stool test</b> is a medical diagnostic technique that involves the collection and analysis of fecal matter. Microbial analysis (culturing), microscopy and chemical tests are among the tests performed on stool samples.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Collection">Collection</h2></div>

<p>Stool samples should be sent to the laboratory as soon as possible after collection and should not be refrigerated prior to by the laboratory.<sup id="cite_ref-medilib_2021_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-medilib_2021-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Visual_examination">Visual examination</h2></div>

<p>The patient and/or health care worker in the office or at the bedside is able to make some important observations.

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<ul><li>Color</li>

<li>Texture/consistency—formed</li>

<li>Classify type of feces (diagnostic triad for irritable bowel syndrome) based on <a href="Bristol_stool_scale" title="Bristol stool scale">Bristol stool scale</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cancer_screening">Cancer screening</h2></div>

<p><a href="Fecal_occult_blood_test" class="mw-redirect" title="Fecal occult blood test">Fecal occult blood test</a> and <a href="Fecal_immunochemical_test" title="Fecal immunochemical test">fecal immunochemical test</a> are the most common stool tests to diagnose many conditions that caused by bleeding in the <a href="Gastrointestinal_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Gastrointestinal system">gastrointestinal system</a>, including <a href="Colorectal_cancer" title="Colorectal cancer">colorectal cancer</a> or <a href="Stomach_cancer" title="Stomach cancer">stomach cancer</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The American College of Gastroenterology has recommended the abandoning of gFOBT testing as a colorectal cancer screening tool, in favor of the <a href="Fecal_immunochemical_test" title="Fecal immunochemical test">fecal immunochemical test</a> (FIT).<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The newer and recommended tests look for <a href="Globin" title="Globin">globin</a>, <a href="DNA" title="DNA">DNA</a>, or other blood factors including <a href="Transferrin" title="Transferrin">transferrin</a>, while conventional <a href="Stool_guaiac_test" title="Stool guaiac test">stool guaiac tests</a> look for <a href="Heme" title="Heme">heme</a>.

</p><p>Cancers, and to a lesser extent, precancerous lesions, shed abnormal cells into the stool.<sup id="cite_ref-Osborn_NK_2005_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Osborn_NK_2005-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cancers and precancerous lesions (<a href="Polyp_(medicine)" title="Polyp (medicine)">polyps</a>) that are ulcerated or rubbed by passing stool also may shed blood into the stool, which can be identified by a hemoglobin assay.<sup id="cite_ref-Osborn_NK_2005_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Osborn_NK_2005-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The <a href="American_Cancer_Society" title="American Cancer Society">American Cancer Society</a> and the <a href="U.S._Preventive_Services_Task_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Preventive Services Task Force">U.S. Preventive Services Task Force</a> recommended colorectal cancer screening with a <a href="Fecal_immunochemical_test" title="Fecal immunochemical test">fecal immunochemical test</a> every year, or a multi-target stool DNA test for every three years from the age of 45.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other options include a <a href="Sigmoidoscopy" title="Sigmoidoscopy">sigmoidoscopy</a> or <a href="Virtual_colonoscopy" title="Virtual colonoscopy">virtual colonoscopy</a> (CT colonography) for every five years or a <a href="Colonoscopy" title="Colonoscopy">colonoscopy</a> for every 10 years.

<a href="Fecal_occult_blood_test" class="mw-redirect" title="Fecal occult blood test">Fecal occult blood test</a> is no longer recommended due to the high false-positive rate as well as the dietary and pharmaceutical restrictions.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="National_Committee_for_Quality_Assurance" title="National Committee for Quality Assurance">National Committee for Quality Assurance</a> (NCQA) issued an update to the <a href="Healthcare_Effectiveness_Data_and_Information_Set" title="Healthcare Effectiveness Data and Information Set">Healthcare Effectiveness Data and Information Set</a> (HEDIS) for 2017, while the guideline remains for the patients aged 50 or over.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>A multi-target stool DNA test was approved in August 2014 by the FDA as a screening test for non-symptomatic, average-risk adults 50 years or older.<sup id="cite_ref-Food_and_Drug_Administration_press_release_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Food_and_Drug_Administration_press_release-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 2017 study found this testing to be less <a href="Cost_effective" class="mw-redirect" title="Cost effective">cost effective</a> compared to colonoscopy or fecal occult blood testing.<sup id="cite_ref-Bar2017_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bar2017-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Three-year multi-target stool DNA test has been estimated to cost $11,313 per <a href="Quality-adjusted_life_year" title="Quality-adjusted life year">quality-adjusted life year</a> (QALY) compared with no screening.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Microbiology_tests">Microbiology tests</h2></div>

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="Kato_technique" title="Kato technique">Kato technique</a></div>

<p>Parasitic diseases such as <a href="Ascariasis" title="Ascariasis">ascariasis</a>, <a href="Hookworm" title="Hookworm">hookworm</a>, <a href="Strongyloidiasis" title="Strongyloidiasis">strongyloidiasis</a> and <a href="Whipworm" class="mw-redirect" title="Whipworm">whipworm</a> can be diagnosed by examining stools under a microscope for the presence of worm larvae or eggs. Some bacterial diseases can be detected with a stool culture. Toxins from bacteria such as <i><a href="Clostridioides_difficile_(bacteria)" class="mw-redirect" title="Clostridioides difficile (bacteria)">Clostridioides difficile</a></i> (<i>C. diff</i>) can also be identified. Viruses such as <a href="Rotavirus" title="Rotavirus">rotavirus</a> can also be found in stools.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other stool tests involve the detection of antibiotic resistance as to guide appropriate therapy, e.g. Clarithromycin resistance of <a href="Helicobacter_pylori" title="Helicobacter pylori">Helicobacter pylori</a> represents a major challenge in eradication therapy but the responsible bacterial genomic markers can be detected in stool using PCR technology and thus can guide the prescription of the appropriate antibiotics to specific patients.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Chemical_tests">Chemical tests</h2></div>

<p>A <a href="Fecal_pH_test" title="Fecal pH test">fecal pH test</a> may be used to determine <a href="Lactose_intolerance" title="Lactose intolerance">lactose intolerance</a> or the presence of an infection.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="Steatorrhea" title="Steatorrhea">Steatorrhea</a> can be diagnosed using a <a href="Fecal_fat" class="mw-redirect" title="Fecal fat">fecal fat</a> test, which checks for the malabsorption of fat.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Faecal elastase levels are becoming the mainstay of pancreatitis diagnosis.

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<ul><li><a href="Rectal_examination" title="Rectal examination">Rectal examination</a></li>

<li><a href="Faecal_calprotectin" title="Faecal calprotectin">Calprotectin examination</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFBergerShroyDinh2015" class="citation journal cs1">Berger BM, Shroy PC, Dinh TA (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.clinical-colorectal-cancer.com/article/S1533002815001541/pdf">"Screening for Colorectal Cancer Using a Multitarget Stool DNA Test: Modeling the Effect of the Intertest Interval on Clinical Effectiveness"</a>. <i>Clinical Colorectal Cancer</i>. <b>15</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">e65 –</span> <span class="nowrap">e74</span>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.clcc.2015.12.003">10.1016/j.clcc.2015.12.003</a></span>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26792032">26792032</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.webmd.com/hw/lab_tests/hw5738.asp">"Stool culture"</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <cite id="CITEREFMommersteegNieuwenburgWoltersRoovers2023" class="citation journal cs1">Mommersteeg MC, Nieuwenburg SA, Wolters LM, Roovers BH, van Vuuren HA, Verhaar AP, Bruno MJ, Kuipers EJ, Peppelenbosch MP, Spaander MC, Fuhler GM (November 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10637120">"The use of non-invasive stool tests for verification of Helicobacter pylori eradication and clarithromycin resistance"</a>. <i>United European Gastroenterol J</i>. <b>11</b> (9): e894-903. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fueg2.12473">10.1002/ueg2.12473</a></span>. <a href="PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10637120">10637120</a></span>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37854002">37854002</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.medicinenet.com/stool_acidity_test/article.htm">"Stool Acidity Test - MedicineNet.com"</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.medlineplus.gov/ency/article/003588.htm">"MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia: Fecal fat"</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

</ol></div>

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</style><div id="Tests_and_procedures_involving_the_human_digestive_system250" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Tests and procedures involving the <a href="Human_digestive_system" title="Human digestive system">human digestive system</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="Digestive_system_surgery" title="Digestive system surgery">Digestive system surgery</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Human_gastrointestinal_tract" class="mw-redirect" title="Human gastrointestinal tract">Digestive tract</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Upper_GI_tract152" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Human_gastrointestinal_tract" class="mw-redirect" title="Human gastrointestinal tract">Upper GI tract</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Salivary_gland" title="Salivary gland">SGs</a> / <a href="Esophagus" title="Esophagus">Esophagus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Esophagectomy" title="Esophagectomy">Esophagectomy</a></li>

<li><a href="Heller_myotomy" title="Heller myotomy">Heller myotomy</a></li>

<li><a href="Sialography" title="Sialography">Sialography</a></li>

<li><a href="Impedance%E2%80%93pH_monitoring" title="Impedance–pH monitoring">Impedance–pH monitoring</a></li>

<li><a href="Esophageal_pH_monitoring" title="Esophageal pH monitoring">Esophageal pH monitoring</a></li>

<li><a href="Esophageal_motility_study" title="Esophageal motility study">Esophageal motility study</a></li>

<li><a href="Functional_Lumen_Imaging_Probe" title="Functional Lumen Imaging Probe">Functional Lumen Imaging Probe</a></li>

<li><a href="High_resolution_manometry" class="mw-redirect" title="High resolution manometry">High resolution manometry</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Stomach" title="Stomach">Stomach</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Sengstaken%E2%80%93Blakemore_tube" title="Sengstaken–Blakemore tube">Sengstaken–Blakemore tube</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Nasogastric_tube" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasogastric tube">Nasogastric tube</a></li>

<li><a href="Gastric_lavage" title="Gastric lavage">Gastric lavage</a></li>

<li><a href="Bariatric_surgery" title="Bariatric surgery">Bariatric surgery</a>

<ul><li><a href="Adjustable_gastric_band" title="Adjustable gastric band">Adjustable gastric band</a></li>

<li><a href="Endoscopic_sleeve_gastroplasty" title="Endoscopic sleeve gastroplasty">Endoscopic sleeve gastroplasty</a></li>

<li><a href="Gastric_bypass_surgery" title="Gastric bypass surgery">Gastric bypass surgery</a></li>

<li><a href="Sleeve_gastrectomy" title="Sleeve gastrectomy">Sleeve gastrectomy</a></li>

<li><a href="Vertical_banded_gastroplasty_surgery" title="Vertical banded gastroplasty surgery">Vertical banded gastroplasty surgery</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Collis_gastroplasty" title="Collis gastroplasty">Collis gastroplasty</a></li>

<li><a href="Gastrectomy" title="Gastrectomy">Gastrectomy</a>

<ul><li><a href="Billroth_I" title="Billroth I">Billroth I</a></li>

<li><a href="Billroth_II" title="Billroth II">Billroth II</a></li>

<li><a href="Gastroenterostomy" title="Gastroenterostomy">Gastroenterostomy</a></li>

<li><a href="Gastropexy" title="Gastropexy">Gastropexy</a></li>

<li><a href="Gastrostomy" title="Gastrostomy">Gastrostomy</a>

<ul><li><a href="Percutaneous_endoscopic_gastrostomy" title="Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy">Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Esophagogastric_dissociation" title="Esophagogastric dissociation">Esophagogastric dissociation</a></li>

<li><a href="Hill_repair" title="Hill repair">Hill repair</a></li>

<li><a href="Nissen_fundoplication" title="Nissen fundoplication">Nissen fundoplication</a></li>

<li><a href="Pyloromyotomy" title="Pyloromyotomy">Pyloromyotomy</a></li>

<li><a href="Schilling_test" title="Schilling test">Schilling test</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Medical_imaging" title="Medical imaging">Medical imaging</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Endoscopy" title="Endoscopy">Endoscopy</a>

<ul><li><a href="Esophagogastroduodenoscopy" title="Esophagogastroduodenoscopy">Esophagogastroduodenoscopy</a></li>

<li><a href="Transnasal_esophagoscopy" title="Transnasal esophagoscopy">Transnasal esophagoscopy</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Barium_swallow" class="mw-redirect" title="Barium swallow">Barium swallow</a></li>

<li><a href="Upper_gastrointestinal_series" title="Upper gastrointestinal series">Upper gastrointestinal series</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Human_gastrointestinal_tract" class="mw-redirect" title="Human gastrointestinal tract">Lower GI tract</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Small_bowel120" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Small_intestine" title="Small intestine">Small bowel</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Bariatric_surgery" title="Bariatric surgery">Bariatric surgery</a>

<ul><li><a href="Duodenal_switch" title="Duodenal switch">Duodenal switch</a></li>

<li><a href="Jejunoileal_bypass" title="Jejunoileal bypass">Jejunoileal bypass</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Bowel_resection" title="Bowel resection">Bowel resection</a></li>

<li><a href="Ileostomy" title="Ileostomy">Ileostomy</a></li>

<li><a href="Intestine_transplantation" title="Intestine transplantation">Intestine transplantation</a></li>

<li><a href="Jejunostomy" title="Jejunostomy">Jejunostomy</a></li>

<li><a href="Partial_ileal_bypass_surgery" title="Partial ileal bypass surgery">Partial ileal bypass surgery</a></li>

<li><a href="Strictureplasty" title="Strictureplasty">Strictureplasty</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Colon_(anatomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Colon (anatomy)">Large bowel</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Appendectomy" title="Appendectomy">Appendectomy</a></li>

<li><a href="Colectomy" title="Colectomy">Colectomy</a></li>

<li><a href="Colonic_polypectomy" title="Colonic polypectomy">Colonic polypectomy</a></li>

<li><a href="Colostomy" title="Colostomy">Colostomy</a></li>

<li><a href="Hartmann's_operation" title="Hartmann's operation">Hartmann's operation</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Rectum" title="Rectum">Rectum</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Abdominoperineal_resection" title="Abdominoperineal resection">Abdominoperineal resection</a></li>

<li><a href="Lower_anterior_resection" title="Lower anterior resection">Lower anterior resection</a></li>

<li><a href="Total_mesorectal_excision" title="Total mesorectal excision">Total mesorectal excision</a></li>

<li><a href="Ventral_rectopexy" title="Ventral rectopexy">Ventral rectopexy</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Anal_canal" title="Anal canal">Anal canal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Anal_sphincterotomy" title="Anal sphincterotomy">Anal sphincterotomy</a></li>

<li><a href="Anorectal_manometry" title="Anorectal manometry">Anorectal manometry</a></li>

<li><a href="Lateral_internal_sphincterotomy" title="Lateral internal sphincterotomy">Lateral internal sphincterotomy</a></li>

<li><a href="Rubber_band_ligation" title="Rubber band ligation">Rubber band ligation</a></li>

<li><a href="Transanal_hemorrhoidal_dearterialization" title="Transanal hemorrhoidal dearterialization">Transanal hemorrhoidal dearterialization</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Medical_imaging" title="Medical imaging">Medical imaging</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Endoscopy" title="Endoscopy">Endoscopy</a>: <a href="Colonoscopy" title="Colonoscopy">Colonoscopy</a></li>

<li><a href="Anoscopy" title="Anoscopy">Anoscopy</a></li>

<li><a href="Capsule_endoscopy" title="Capsule endoscopy">Capsule endoscopy</a></li>

<li><a href="Enteroscopy" title="Enteroscopy">Enteroscopy</a></li>

<li><a href="Proctoscopy" title="Proctoscopy">Proctoscopy</a></li>

<li><a href="Sigmoidoscopy" title="Sigmoidoscopy">Sigmoidoscopy</a></li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="Abdominal_ultrasonography" title="Abdominal ultrasonography">Abdominal ultrasonography</a></li>

<li><a href="Defecography" title="Defecography">Defecography</a></li>

<li><a href="Double-contrast_barium_enema" title="Double-contrast barium enema">Double-contrast barium enema</a></li>

<li><a href="Endoanal_ultrasound" title="Endoanal ultrasound">Endoanal ultrasound</a></li>

<li><a href="Enteroclysis" class="mw-redirect" title="Enteroclysis">Enteroclysis</a></li>

<li><a href="Lower_gastrointestinal_series" title="Lower gastrointestinal series">Lower gastrointestinal series</a></li>

<li><a href="Small-bowel_follow-through" class="mw-redirect" title="Small-bowel follow-through">Small-bowel follow-through</a></li>

<li><a href="Transrectal_ultrasonography" title="Transrectal ultrasonography">Transrectal ultrasonography</a></li>

<li><a href="Virtual_colonoscopy" title="Virtual colonoscopy">Virtual colonoscopy</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Fecal_fat_test" title="Fecal fat test">Fecal fat test</a></li>

<li><a href="Fecal_pH_test" title="Fecal pH test">Fecal pH test</a></li>

<li><a href="Stool_guaiac_test" title="Stool guaiac test">Stool guaiac test</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Accessory_digestive_gland" class="mw-redirect" title="Accessory digestive gland">Accessory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Liver" title="Liver">Liver</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Artificial_extracorporeal_liver_support" class="mw-redirect" title="Artificial extracorporeal liver support">Artificial extracorporeal liver support</a>

<ul><li><a href="Bioartificial_liver_device" class="mw-redirect" title="Bioartificial liver device">Bioartificial liver devices</a></li>

<li><a href="Liver_dialysis" class="mw-redirect" title="Liver dialysis">Liver dialysis</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Hepatectomy" title="Hepatectomy">Hepatectomy</a></li>

<li><a href="Liver_biopsy" title="Liver biopsy">Liver biopsy</a></li>

<li><a href="Liver_transplantation" title="Liver transplantation">Liver transplantation</a></li>

<li><a href="Portal_hypertension" title="Portal hypertension">Portal hypertension</a>

<ul><li><a href="Transjugular_intrahepatic_portosystemic_shunt" title="Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt">Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS)</a></li>

<li><a href="Distal_splenorenal_shunt_procedure" title="Distal splenorenal shunt procedure">Distal splenorenal shunt procedure</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Gallbladder" title="Gallbladder">Gallbladder</a>, <a href="Bile_duct" title="Bile duct">bile duct</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Cholecystectomy" title="Cholecystectomy">Cholecystectomy</a></li>

<li><a href="Cholecystostomy" title="Cholecystostomy">Cholecystostomy</a></li>

<li><a href="Endoscopic_retrograde_cholangiopancreatography" title="Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography">Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP)</a></li>

<li><a href="Hepatoportoenterostomy" title="Hepatoportoenterostomy">Hepatoportoenterostomy</a></li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="Medical_imaging" title="Medical imaging">Medical imaging</a>: <a href="Cholangiography" title="Cholangiography">Cholangiography</a>

<ul><li><a href="Intravenous_cholangiography" title="Intravenous cholangiography">Intravenous cholangiography (IVC)</a></li>

<li><a href="Magnetic_resonance_cholangiopancreatography" title="Magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography">Magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP)</a></li>

<li><a href="Percutaneous_transhepatic_cholangiography" title="Percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography">Percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography (PTC)</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Cholecystography" title="Cholecystography">Cholecystography</a></li>

<li><a href="Cholescintigraphy" title="Cholescintigraphy">Cholescintigraphy</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Pancreas" title="Pancreas">Pancreas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Frey's_procedure" title="Frey's procedure">Frey's procedure</a></li>

<li><a href="Pancreas_transplantation" title="Pancreas transplantation">Pancreas transplantation</a></li>

<li><a href="Pancreatectomy" title="Pancreatectomy">Pancreatectomy</a></li>

<li><a href="Pancreaticoduodenectomy" title="Pancreaticoduodenectomy">Pancreaticoduodenectomy</a></li>

<li><a href="Puestow_procedure" title="Puestow procedure">Puestow procedure</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Abdominopelvic_cavity" title="Abdominopelvic cavity">Abdominopelvic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Peritoneum24" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Peritoneum" title="Peritoneum">Peritoneum</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Diagnostic_peritoneal_lavage" title="Diagnostic peritoneal lavage">Diagnostic peritoneal lavage</a></li>

<li><a href="Intraperitoneal_injection" title="Intraperitoneal injection">Intraperitoneal injection</a></li>

<li><a href="Laparoscopy" title="Laparoscopy">Laparoscopy</a></li>

<li><a href="Omentopexy" title="Omentopexy">Omentopexy</a></li>

<li><a href="Paracentesis" title="Paracentesis">Paracentesis</a></li>

<li><a href="Peritoneal_dialysis" title="Peritoneal dialysis">Peritoneal dialysis</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Hernia" title="Hernia">Hernia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Hernia_repair" title="Hernia repair">Hernia repair</a></li>

<li><a href="Inguinal_hernia_surgery" title="Inguinal hernia surgery">Inguinal hernia surgery</a></li>

<li><a href="Femoral_hernia_repair" class="mw-redirect" title="Femoral hernia repair">Femoral hernia repair</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Laparotomy" title="Laparotomy">Laparotomy</a>

<ul><li><a href="Exploratory_laparotomy" title="Exploratory laparotomy">Exploratory laparotomy</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Rapid_urease_test" title="Rapid urease test">Rapid urease test</a> / <a href="Urea_breath_test" title="Urea breath test">Urea breath test</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Clinical_prediction_rule" title="Clinical prediction rule">Clinical prediction rules</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Model_for_End-Stage_Liver_Disease" title="Model for End-Stage Liver Disease">Model for End-Stage Liver Disease (MELD)</a></li>

<li><a href="Pediatric_end-stage_liver_disease" title="Pediatric end-stage liver disease">Pediatric end-stage liver disease (PELD)</a></li>

<li><a href="United_Kingdom_Model_for_End-Stage_Liver_Disease" title="United Kingdom Model for End-Stage Liver Disease">United Kingdom Model for End-Stage Liver Disease (UKELD)</a></li>

<li><a href="Child%E2%80%93Pugh_score" title="Child–Pugh score">Child–Pugh score</a></li>

<li><a href="Ranson_criteria" title="Ranson criteria">Ranson criteria</a></li>

<li><a href="Milan_criteria" title="Milan criteria">Milan criteria</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox398" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Authority control databases: National </th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00563667">Japan</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2025-07-17" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Stool_test&oldid=1301029014">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

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